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Jainism
Jainism (〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Jainism )〕 or 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Jainism )〕), traditionally known as Jain dharma, belongs to the śramaṇa tradition and is one of the oldest Indian religions. It prescribes a path of non-injury (''ahimsa'') towards all living beings. Practitioners believe non-violence and self-control are the means to liberation. Followers of Jainism are called Jains and must observe five major vows: ''ahimsa'', not lying, not stealing (asteya), chastity, and non-attachment. Self-discipline and asceticism are thus major focuses of Jainism. ''Parasparopagraho Jivanam'' ("The function of souls is to help one another") is the motto of Jainism.
Jainism rejects the idea of a creator or destroyer god and postulates an eternal universe. Jain cosmology divides worldly cycle of time into two parts or half-cycles, ascending (''utsarpani'') and descending (''avasarpani''). According to Jains, in every half-cycle of time, twenty-four tirthankaras (makers of the ford) grace this part of the Universe to teach the unchanging doctrine of right faith, right knowledge and right conduct. Modern history records the existence of last tirthankara, Mahavira (6th century B.C.) and his predecessor Parsvanatha.
== Etymology ==
The Sanskrit word ''jina'' means a conqueror. A human being who has conquered inner passions like attachment, desire, anger, pride, greed, etc. and therefore, possesses omniscience is called ''Jina''. Followers of the path practised and preached by the jinas are called Jains. According to Jainism, every human being can become ''Jina''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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